Average CO2 emission factor

In 2025, the global carbon factor is still close to its 2010 level, further away from the 2°C pathway.

The global carbon factor (CO₂ emissions/primary energy consumption) rebounded in 2025 (+1.5%). It has remained broadly stable since 2010, declining by less than 4% over the last 15 years, since fossil fuels still cover most of the global energy mix. This trend remains insufficient to reach the 2°C pathway that would require a much faster reduction (over 3%/year).
In 2025, the carbon factor declined in China (-3%), India, Japan (-1% each), and Australia (-2%), thanks to a rising CO₂-free power generation that helped cut fossil fuel consumption. It also decreased in Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia (-1% each), whereas it remained stable in the EU, Russia, and South Africa. It even increased in North America (around 1% each for the USA and Canada over higher use of fossil fuels), in Brazil, and South Korea (+1%).